托福听力考场经验分享 4个高分注意事项划重点
注意事项1：要注意试听和试音
有过参加托福考试的考生都知道，在托福听力考试前会有一个试听和试音的步骤，但是大部分的考生都将这个步骤给忽略了或者说不够重视，而只是简单的履行程序，这种做法是大错特错的。
要知道，硬件设备的性能是可以直接影响到考生的发挥的。如果一个考生以往托福听力都能考到24分，那么由于最近一次在试听的时候没有太在意，可能在进行听力考试的时候设备出现了问题，一会听得见，一会听不见，虽然后来考场采取了措施，但是最后的结果听力只得到了19分。这就说明，在试听和试音的时候，每一个环节都是很重要的，所以大家一定要注意这个环节。
注意事项2：机考过程中的外来干扰
大家都知道托福考场有些乱，并不是同一时间开考的，一般都是先到的考生先考，所以每个考生的考试进度都是不一样的。所以，当你想要安心的做听力的时候，往往还可以看到穿梭在教室中往来的身影，这时你或者就听到了他们不大不小刚好踩在你心头的脚步声，还有一些地板的轻微震动声，更厉害的是口语们的高亢、洪亮的音频，正宗、纯粹、地首的中国英语在你耳边响起。这些都是让你在考托福听力考试时不能集中注意力的因素。
其实面对这种情况，并没有太好的解决方法，考生只能尽可能的集中注意力，尽量减少这些因素对自己的干扰。在考场上，考生可以把耳机的音量调大，压制住外来的声音;或者是把视野缩小到笔尖、屏幕上来集中注意力;又或者是摄敛心神，让自己的思想单纯起来，只思考听到的东西。所以考生在平时的练习过程中，对于这些外来的干扰也要进行系统的练习，这样在考试中才能够从容应对。
注意事项3：耐力和毅力的坚持
要知道，托福考试除了考察考生的英语能力之外，同时也是考验考生耐力。大家都知道，托福考试整个考试时间有3个多小时，这对于中国考生来说就是一个挑战，而单单是听力部分就需要的时间是41-57分钟。并且在这个过程中，考生的注意力要高度的集中，否则一不留神就会错过一些重要的信息点。许多考生就是因为无法适应这么长时间的时间煎熬，在听力的前半段还好，还能静下心来听，但是到了后半段就会产生烦躁，而且有可能会厌烦这种考试，主观上对考试进行了排斥，所以后面的内容听的就是云里雾里了，没有办法集中精力了，所以错误频出。
对于这个问题，需要提醒各位考生的就是绝对不能意气用事。有问题要解决，这绝不是让你表达你对这种考试模式的喜好和厌恶的。即使你发觉自己有些烦躁，也要尽量平静自己的情绪，不能任其继续扩大。在考试中，考生要将这个看作是一次挑战，看看自己能不能战胜自己。只有坚持，只有坚持才能取得最后的胜利。
注意事项4：听力加试和机经
在托福听力考试中，考生经常会遇到加试的情况。从网上得知托福听力加试是不算分的，但是这也不是金科玉律。我们要知道托福听力考试之所加试是因为什么，如果你对加试题视而不见，那么你前面的听力做的再好，你也不可能获得听力高分的，所以说加试是必须要做的。
还有的考生在备考时在网上找了很多的预测，备考的时候就拼命的背预测，然后在考试中遇到预测中的题目就不会认真的做题了，所以最终的听力成绩还是和以往差不多。要知道，预测只能做为参考和复习资料，如果你完全依赖它，那么你就会在这上面听大亏。
2020托福听力练习：废安非他命改变水下生态系统
Last week, tens of thousands of gallons of sewage gushed into urban streams in Baltimore, because of leaky pipes and flooding rains. And when that happens, it's not just organic matter and microbes that get flushed into aquatic habitats. It's drug residues, too: caffeine, antihistamines, headache drugs… even amphetamines and heroin.
Researchers actually detected all those drugs a few years ago, in a survey of urban and suburban streams in Baltimore. And they wanted to see what effect illegal drugs, like amphetamines, might have on aquatic ecosystems. So they built artificial streams in the lab, stocked with insects and real creek rocks—slippery ones with biofilms of algae and bacteria growing on them. Then they doped half the streams with amphetamine residues—similar to the concentrations found in real urban streams.
After three weeks, the mix of microbial life in the amphetamine-laced streams changed significantly, compared to the untainted waters. And insects like midges emerged earlier than usual—suggesting that drug residues might be able to alter food webs underwater, and on land, too. The results appear in the journal Environmental Science and Technology.
Previous studies have shown that even treated sewage has lots of drug residues in it—because most wastewater treatment plants weren't built to filter out pharmaceuticals. One solution, the researchers say, is more up-to-date wastewater infrastructure. Think of it as preventive medicine…for the nation's aquatic life.
上周，管道泄漏和暴雨导致数万加仑污水流入巴尔的摩的城市河流中。流入水生栖息地的不仅有有机物质和微生物，同时还有残留的药物：咖啡因、抗组胺剂、头痛药……甚至还有安非他命和海洛因。
实际上，研究人员在几年前对巴尔的摩的城市河流和郊区河流进行调查时，就发现了这些药物。他们想了解安非他命等非法药物对水生系统有什么影响。所以，他们在实验室里建了一个人工河流，河流里面有昆虫和真的溪岩，就是那些上面长有藻类和细菌的光滑岩石。然后他们在一半的人工河流中投放了安非他命残留物，其浓度与真正的城市河流中的浓度相似。
三个星期以后，与未受污染的河流相比，加有安非他命河流中的微生物发生了重大的变化。摇蚊等小昆虫出现的时间缩短，这表明药物残留物可能会改变水下的食物网，也可以改变陆地上的食物网。该研究结果发表在《环境科学与技术》期刊上。
此前的研究表明，经过处理的污水仍然含有大量的药物残留，这是因为大多数污水处理厂并并没有过滤药物。研究人员表示，其中一种解决方案是更新污水处理设备。就把这看作水生生物的预防药吧。
重点讲解：
1. because of 因为;由于;
例句：He had given up his job because of failing health.
由于体质衰弱他放弃了工作。
2. be similar to 相像的;相仿的;类似的;
例句：My opinions are similar to hers.
我的看法跟她的相似。
3. compared to 与…相比;和…比起来;
例句：This problem was insignificant compared to others she faced.
这一问题与她面临的其他问题比较起来算不得什么。
4. filter out 滤除;滤掉;
例句：Children should have glasses which filter out UV rays.
儿童应该戴上滤除紫外线的眼镜。
2020托福听力练习：古墨西哥城市人热衷养兔子
This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.
As humans developed civilizations in Eurasia and Northern Africa, they also domesticated animals for food and labor: horses, cows, goats, pigs, sheep and a few others. But no evidence existed for the deliberate cultivation and breeding of animals in North or Central America—until now.
"So at this ancient city of Teotihuacan in particular, which is really one of the earliest urban cities in North America…"
Andrew Somerville of the University of California San Diego, talking about the metropolis that once existed some 30 miles northeast of present-day Mexico City.
"…previous excavations have found a lot of rabbits. But at one compound in particular they found more evidence that they were interacting with rabbits more intensively. There was a statue of a rabbit. There was evidence that maybe they were butchering them. And this compound, which is called Oztoyahualco, actually had almost twice as many rabbit bones relative to the other complexes at the city. So it did seem like something was different with this particular compound."
Somerville and colleagues tested 134 rabbit bones at the 2,000-year-old site, as well as 13 contemporary samples. If the ancient rabbits fed on wild vegetation, the carbon isotopes in the bones would show evidence of what's known as the C3 photosynthetic pathway. But the domesticated crops of that time, such as corn and cactus fruit, employ what's called the C4 pathway—which leaves a different carbon isotope ratio in the bones.
"Fortunately we were able to actually show that rabbits from this compound did actually have higher carbon values, significantly higher carbon values. Which means that they did have significantly different diets from other rabbits within the city, and also significantly different diets than wild rabbits from around the region. Which is pretty strong evidence we say to show that they were actually being provisioned by humans, fed by humans, managed by humans."
The research is in the journal PLoS ONE.
It's true that the carbon evidence could also be the result of the rabbits being trapped in corn fields, where they were scavenging. But the presence of the dedicated pen and the statue of a rabbit led the scientists to conclude that the animals were in fact being raised—which changes our understanding of New World cities.
"That is one of these assumptions about the new world—that they just didn't have as intensive relationships with animals. That husbandry, especially with mammals, wasn't as important of a factor in their organization and supporting these big cities. So what we're showing is that maybe they were just as intensive in some respects as these old world cities but they're just less archaeologically visible. A rabbit leaves a much smaller footprint than a cow or a horse does."
人类在欧亚大陆和北非大陆繁衍了文明，同时也驯养了可以作为食物和劳动工具的动物，如马、牛、山羊、猪、绵羊等。但是直到现在仍没有证据表明人类在美洲北部和中部刻意培养和繁殖动物。
“所以，特别是古城特奥蒂瓦坎，这是北美最早的城市之一……”
加州大学圣地亚哥分校的安德鲁·索默维尔认为大都市曾经出现在现在的墨西哥城东北约30英里的地方。
“此前的挖掘工作发现了大量的兔子。特别是在其中一个建筑群，他们发现了人类和兔子互动频繁的更多证据。那里有一个兔子的雕像。有证明表明那里的人曾屠杀兔子。这个地方名为欧兹托雅胡科，研究发现这里兔子骨头的数量是该市其他建筑群的两倍。所以这个建筑群确实与众不同。”
索默维尔和同事对这个已有2000年历史的地方出土的134块兔子骨头和13块现代兔子骨头样本进行了检测。如果古代兔子食用的是野生植被，那它们骨头中的碳元素将会显示出C3 光合途径。而玉米和仙人果等当时家养的作物，采用的是C4 光合途径，这就会在兔子骨头中留下不同的碳同位素比率。
“幸运的是，我们已经可以证实在这个建筑群发现的兔子确实含有更高的碳值，而且是显著升高的碳值。这表明它们与城市其它地区的兔子吃的东西明显不同，而且和这个地区周围的野生兔子吃的食物也完全不同。我们可以说这是非常强有力的证据，可以证明这些兔子是由人类喂养、饲养和管理的。”
该研究结果已发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》期刊上。
不过，碳元素也有可能是因为兔子被困在玉米地里，在那里觅食的结果。但是，专用围栏和兔子雕像使科学家们断定，这些动物实际上是由人类饲养的，这改变了我们对新大陆上的城市的理解。
“这是关于新大陆的其中一个假设——他们与动物的关系没有那么密切。畜牧业，尤其是和哺乳动物的联系，并不是当时结构中的重要因素，也不是支撑这些大型城市的重要因素。所以我们发现的可能只是他们在某些方面同这些古老世界城市的紧密联系，但是在考古学上的证据却不是那么明显。毕竟一只兔子比一头奶牛或一匹马留下的足迹要小得多。”
重点讲解：
1. in particular 尤其;特别;
例句：He studies in particular the fishes of the Indian Ocean.
他专门研究印度洋的鱼类。
2. as well as 除…之外;也;还;
例句：He can shoot as well as riding horse.
他不但能骑马,而且能射击。
3. be known as 认为…是;把…看作是;
例句：The policeman was known as a drug buster.
这位警察被称作毒贩克星。
4. in fact (用于修正、引出相反意见或对比等)事实上，其实;
例句：In fact we were innocent of the crime.
事实上，我们是无辜的。
2020托福听力练习：解读犹太圣经
This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Cynthia Graber.
In the 1970s, researchers unearthing an ancient synagogue at Ein Gedi, near the Dead Sea, discovered the structure's Holy Ark—the container in which early Jews would have stored the Bible as they prayed. The site was home to a large Jewish community from about 800 BCE until a huge fire there in about 600 CE. That fire blackened and burned the scrolls in the ark. They crumbled if touched. So the Israeli scientists locked them away. Until now.
Penina Shor at the Israel Antiques Authority reached out to computer scientist Brent Seales at the University of Kentucky to see if he and his colleagues could use new technologies to peer inside a scroll without unrolling it. They call the technique virtual unwrapping.
Brent Seales explains: "First we have to find the layers within the scanned volume. Finding evidence of those layers is called segmentation. So there's a process for that. Once we find those layers we create a texture on those layers that comes from the scanned volume itself and that's where the ink evidence gets situated onto the layered surface. And then the final step is this unwrapping where we flatten out that surface, which is not actually flat, it's three dimensional. So that we can merge the pieces together and see the completely unwrapped scroll."
They applied this technique to the Ein Gedi scroll.
"So the first time we saw the text was in the lab and of course I don't speak or read Hebrew but we knew that it was writing because of the systematic way the markings were lined up, our early versions were not as clear as what we were able ultimately to produce. But of course we were elated because we knew that we had a scroll in which we would see the writing."
"But I think the real joy came when Penina sent me back the result of having read our first results because then I knew that not only were we seen writing but it was readable because she and her team were able to identify it as a known text and at that point were absolutely jubilant I have to say."
The Israeli scholars could clearly read the Hebrew. And they realized they were reading the book of Leviticus, one of the five books of Moses, the first five books of the Old Testament. It's the earliest Biblical book found inside an Ark, and the earliest surviving book outside of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The finding is in the journal Science Advances.
The researchers are thrilled not only with the discovery of the scroll's writing, but with the potential to use this application to peer inside other scrolled texts.
"I believe there are more discoveries to come. Damage and decay is the natural order of things. But you can see this sometimes, you can absolutely pull a text back from the brink of loss."
在20世纪70年代，研究人员在死海附近的恩戈地发掘出一个古老的犹太集会教堂，并因此发现了犹太教藏经柜的构造，这是早期犹太人用来存放祈祷用圣经的容器。这里在公元前800年到公元600年是一个大型犹太人聚集区，但公元600年发生的一场大火毁了这里。那场大火烧黑烧灼了藏经柜里的羊皮卷书。这些卷书一碰即毁。所以以色列科学家们只好把它们锁了起来，直道最近才重见天日。
以色列文物管理局的佩尼纳·肖尔和肯塔基大学的计算机科学家布伦特·希尔斯想知道，如果他们不将羊皮卷重新打开，是否可以利用现在新的技术来查看里面的内容。他们称这项技术为虚拟开封。
布伦特·希尔斯解释说：“首先，我们必须要找到扫描文卷中的层次。寻找这些层的证据被称为分割。有一个工序。一旦我们发现那些羊皮卷的层次，我们就会在扫描羊皮卷的那些层上弄出一些纹理，而墨渍位于羊皮卷的表层。最后一步就是打开我们平展过的表面，那里实际上已经不是平面，而是三维立体的。所以我们才能把这些羊皮卷拼在一起，从而看到完全展开的卷宗。”
他们把这项技术应用到在恩戈地发现的羊皮卷上。
“所以，我们第一次看到这些文本是在实验室里，虽然我不会说也不会读希伯来语，但是我们知道这上面写的是希伯来文字，因为这些符号排列的方式是有规则的，早期的版本不够清晰，不足以让我们解读出来。可是我们知道我们已经有了一个可以看到文字的羊皮卷，所以我们非常兴奋。”
“但是，当佩尼纳告诉我他们已经他们阅读了我们第一次拼出来的卷宗时，那是我真正高兴的时候，因为那时我知道不仅我们获得了上面的文字记录，而且她和她的团队能识别出这是一种可读的文本，所以那时，我们完全高兴到了极点。”
以色列的学者可以很清晰地阅读希伯来语。他们意识到自己正在阅读的是圣经旧约中的《利末记》， 这是摩西的5本著作之一，而这5本书是旧约的前五卷。这是最早的圣经著作，也是死海羊皮卷以外最早幸存下来的著作。该研究结果发表在《科学进展》杂志上。
令研究人员激动的是，他们不仅发现了羊皮卷上的文字，而且还可以利用这种技术来观察其它卷宗中的文本。
“我相信还将会有更多的发现。事物的耗损和衰败是自然规律。但是有时候，你完全可以将一个文本从消失的边缘挽救回来。”
重点讲解：
1. lock away 把…锁起妥藏;
例句：The boy carefully locked away his toys.
那男孩把玩具小心地锁藏起来。
2. piece together 拼合;凑集;
例句：We managed to piece together the truth from several sketchy accounts.
我们从几方面粗略的说法中设法弄清了真相。
3. apply to 适用;适合;
例句：The results of this research can be applied to new developments in technology.
这项研究成果能应用于新的技术开发方面。
4. line up (使)(某一批人)排成行;(使)列队;
例句：The troops lined up in parade formation.
部队排成阅兵队形。
